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.. _string-formatting-api:
*************
API Reference
*************
The {fmt} library API consists of the following parts:
* :ref:`fmt/core.h <core-api>`: the core API providing main formatting functions
for ``char``/UTF-8 with C++20 compile-time checks and minimal dependencies
* :ref:`fmt/format.h <format-api>`: the full format API providing additional
formatting functions and locale support
* :ref:`fmt/ranges.h <ranges-api>`: formatting of ranges and tuples
* :ref:`fmt/chrono.h <chrono-api>`: date and time formatting
* :ref:`fmt/std.h <std-api>`: formatters for standard library types
* :ref:`fmt/compile.h <compile-api>`: format string compilation
* :ref:`fmt/color.h <color-api>`: terminal color and text style
* :ref:`fmt/os.h <os-api>`: system APIs
* :ref:`fmt/ostream.h <ostream-api>`: ``std::ostream`` support
* :ref:`fmt/printf.h <printf-api>`: ``printf`` formatting
* :ref:`fmt/xchar.h <xchar-api>`: optional ``wchar_t`` support
All functions and types provided by the library reside in namespace ``fmt`` and
macros have prefix ``FMT_``.
.. _core-api:
Core API
========
``fmt/core.h`` defines the core API which provides main formatting functions
for ``char``/UTF-8 with C++20 compile-time checks. It has minimal include
dependencies for better compile times. This header is only beneficial when
using {fmt} as a library (the default) and not in the header-only mode.
It also provides ``formatter`` specializations for built-in and string types.
The following functions use :ref:`format string syntax <syntax>`
similar to that of Python's `str.format
<https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format>`_.
They take *fmt* and *args* as arguments.
*fmt* is a format string that contains literal text and replacement fields
surrounded by braces ``{}``. The fields are replaced with formatted arguments
in the resulting string. `~fmt::format_string` is a format string which can be
implicitly constructed from a string literal or a ``constexpr`` string and is
checked at compile time in C++20. To pass a runtime format string wrap it in
`fmt::runtime`.
*args* is an argument list representing objects to be formatted.
.. _format:
.. doxygenfunction:: format(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) -> std::string
.. doxygenfunction:: vformat(string_view fmt, format_args args) -> std::string
.. doxygenfunction:: format_to(OutputIt out, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) -> OutputIt
.. doxygenfunction:: format_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt>
.. doxygenfunction:: formatted_size(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) -> size_t
.. doxygenstruct:: fmt::format_to_n_result
:members:
.. _print:
.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::print(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::vprint(string_view fmt, format_args args)
.. doxygenfunction:: print(std::FILE *f, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
.. doxygenfunction:: vprint(std::FILE *f, string_view fmt, format_args args)
Compile-Time Format String Checks
---------------------------------
Compile-time format string checks are enabled by default on compilers
that support C++20 ``consteval``. On older compilers you can use the
:ref:`FMT_STRING <legacy-checks>`: macro defined in ``fmt/format.h`` instead.
Unused arguments are allowed as in Python's `str.format` and ordinary functions.
.. doxygenclass:: fmt::basic_format_string
:members:
.. doxygentypedef:: fmt::format_string
.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::runtime(string_view) -> runtime_format_string<>
.. _udt:
Formatting User-Defined Types
-----------------------------
The {fmt} library provides formatters for many standard C++ types.
See :ref:`fmt/ranges.h <ranges-api>` for ranges and tuples including standard
containers such as ``std::vector``, :ref:`fmt/chrono.h <chrono-api>` for date
and time formatting and :ref:`fmt/std.h <std-api>` for other standard library
types.
To make a user-defined type formattable, specialize the ``formatter<T>`` struct
template and implement ``parse`` and ``format`` methods::
#include <fmt/core.h>
struct point {
double x, y;
};
template <> struct fmt::formatter<point> {
// Presentation format: 'f' - fixed, 'e' - exponential.
char presentation = 'f';
// Parses format specifications of the form ['f' | 'e'].
constexpr auto parse(format_parse_context& ctx) -> format_parse_context::iterator {
// [ctx.begin(), ctx.end()) is a character range that contains a part of
// the format string starting from the format specifications to be parsed,
// e.g. in
//
// fmt::format("{:f} - point of interest", point{1, 2});
//
// the range will contain "f} - point of interest". The formatter should
// parse specifiers until '}' or the end of the range. In this example
// the formatter should parse the 'f' specifier and return an iterator
// pointing to '}'.
// Please also note that this character range may be empty, in case of
// the "{}" format string, so therefore you should check ctx.begin()
// for equality with ctx.end().
// Parse the presentation format and store it in the formatter:
auto it = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
if (it != end && (*it == 'f' || *it == 'e')) presentation = *it++;
// Check if reached the end of the range:
if (it != end && *it != '}') ctx.on_error("invalid format");
// Return an iterator past the end of the parsed range:
return it;
}
// Formats the point p using the parsed format specification (presentation)
// stored in this formatter.
auto format(const point& p, format_context& ctx) const -> format_context::iterator {
// ctx.out() is an output iterator to write to.
return presentation == 'f'
? fmt::format_to(ctx.out(), "({:.1f}, {:.1f})", p.x, p.y)
: fmt::format_to(ctx.out(), "({:.1e}, {:.1e})", p.x, p.y);
}
};
Then you can pass objects of type ``point`` to any formatting function::
point p = {1, 2};
std::string s = fmt::format("{:f}", p);
// s == "(1.0, 2.0)"
You can also reuse existing formatters via inheritance or composition, for
example::
// color.h:
#include <fmt/core.h>
enum class color {red, green, blue};
template <> struct fmt::formatter<color>: formatter<string_view> {
// parse is inherited from formatter<string_view>.
auto format(color c, format_context& ctx) const;
};
// color.cc:
#include "color.h"
#include <fmt/format.h>
auto fmt::formatter<color>::format(color c, format_context& ctx) const {
string_view name = "unknown";
switch (c) {
case color::red: name = "red"; break;
case color::green: name = "green"; break;
case color::blue: name = "blue"; break;
}
return formatter<string_view>::format(name, ctx);
}
Note that ``formatter<string_view>::format`` is defined in ``fmt/format.h`` so
it has to be included in the source file.
Since ``parse`` is inherited from ``formatter<string_view>`` it will recognize
all string format specifications, for example
.. code-block:: c++
fmt::format("{:>10}", color::blue)
will return ``" blue"``.
You can also write a formatter for a hierarchy of classes::
// demo.h:
#include <type_traits>
#include <fmt/core.h>
struct A {
virtual ~A() {}
virtual std::string name() const { return "A"; }
};
struct B : A {
virtual std::string name() const { return "B"; }
};
template <typename T>
struct fmt::formatter<T, std::enable_if_t<std::is_base_of<A, T>::value, char>> :
fmt::formatter<std::string> {
auto format(const A& a, format_context& ctx) const {
return fmt::formatter<std::string>::format(a.name(), ctx);
}
};
// demo.cc:
#include "demo.h"
#include <fmt/format.h>
int main() {
B b;
A& a = b;
fmt::print("{}", a); // prints "B"
}
If a type provides both a ``formatter`` specialization and an implicit
conversion to a formattable type, the specialization takes precedence over the
conversion.
For enums {fmt} also provides the ``format_as`` extension API. To format an enum
via this API define ``format_as`` that takes this enum and converts it to the
underlying type. ``format_as`` should be defined in the same namespace as the
enum.
Example (https://godbolt.org/z/r7vvGE1v7)::
#include <fmt/format.h>
namespace kevin_namespacy {
enum class film {
house_of_cards, american_beauty, se7en = 7
};
auto format_as(film f) { return fmt::underlying(f); }
}
int main() {
fmt::print("{}\n", kevin_namespacy::film::se7en); // prints "7"
}
Named Arguments
---------------
.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::arg(const S&, const T&)
Named arguments are not supported in compile-time checks at the moment.
Argument Lists
--------------
You can create your own formatting function with compile-time checks and small
binary footprint, for example (https://godbolt.org/z/vajfWEG4b):
.. code:: c++
#include <fmt/core.h>
void vlog(const char* file, int line, fmt::string_view format,
fmt::format_args args) {
fmt::print("{}: {}: ", file, line);
fmt::vprint(format, args);
}
template <typename... T>
void log(const char* file, int line, fmt::format_string<T...> format, T&&... args) {
vlog(file, line, format, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
}
#define MY_LOG(format, ...) log(__FILE__, __LINE__, format, __VA_ARGS__)
MY_LOG("invalid squishiness: {}", 42);
Note that ``vlog`` is not parameterized on argument types which improves compile
times and reduces binary code size compared to a fully parameterized version.
.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::make_format_args(const Args&...)
.. doxygenclass:: fmt::format_arg_store
:members:
.. doxygenclass:: fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store
:members:
.. doxygenclass:: fmt::basic_format_args
:members:
.. doxygentypedef:: fmt::format_args
.. doxygenclass:: fmt::basic_format_arg
:members:
.. doxygenclass:: fmt::basic_format_parse_context
:members:
.. doxygenclass:: fmt::basic_format_context
:members:
.. doxygentypedef:: fmt::format_context
Compatibility
-------------
.. doxygenclass:: fmt::basic_string_view
:members:
.. doxygentypedef:: fmt::string_view
.. _format-api:
Format API
==========
``fmt/format.h`` defines the full format API providing additional formatting
functions and locale support.
Literal-Based API
-----------------
The following user-defined literals are defined in ``fmt/format.h``.
.. doxygenfunction:: operator""_a()
Utilities
---------
.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::ptr(T p) -> const void*
.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::ptr(const std::unique_ptr<T, Deleter> &p) -> const void*
.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::ptr(const std::shared_ptr<T> &p) -> const void*
.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::underlying(Enum e) -> typename std::underlying_type<Enum>::type
.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::to_string(const T &value) -> std::string
.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::join(Range &&range, string_view sep) -> join_view<detail::iterator_t<Range>, detail::sentinel_t<Range>>
.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::join(It begin, Sentinel end, string_view sep) -> join_view<It, Sentinel>
.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::group_digits(T value) -> group_digits_view<T>
.. doxygenclass:: fmt::detail::buffer
:members:
.. doxygenclass:: fmt::basic_memory_buffer
:protected-members:
:members:
System Errors
-------------
{fmt} does not use ``errno`` to communicate errors to the user, but it may call
system functions which set ``errno``. Users should not make any assumptions
about the value of ``errno`` being preserved by library functions.
.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::system_error
.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::format_system_error
Custom Allocators
-----------------
The {fmt} library supports custom dynamic memory allocators.
A custom allocator class can be specified as a template argument to
:class:`fmt::basic_memory_buffer`::
using custom_memory_buffer =
fmt::basic_memory_buffer<char, fmt::inline_buffer_size, custom_allocator>;
It is also possible to write a formatting function that uses a custom
allocator::
using custom_string =
std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, custom_allocator>;
custom_string vformat(custom_allocator alloc, fmt::string_view format_str,
fmt::format_args args) {
auto buf = custom_memory_buffer(alloc);
fmt::vformat_to(std::back_inserter(buf), format_str, args);
return custom_string(buf.data(), buf.size(), alloc);
}
template <typename ...Args>
inline custom_string format(custom_allocator alloc,
fmt::string_view format_str,
const Args& ... args) {
return vformat(alloc, format_str, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
}
The allocator will be used for the output container only. Formatting functions
normally don't do any allocations for built-in and string types except for
non-default floating-point formatting that occasionally falls back on
``sprintf``.
Locale
------
All formatting is locale-independent by default. Use the ``'L'`` format
specifier to insert the appropriate number separator characters from the
locale::
#include <fmt/core.h>
#include <locale>
std::locale::global(std::locale("en_US.UTF-8"));
auto s = fmt::format("{:L}", 1000000); // s == "1,000,000"
``fmt/format.h`` provides the following overloads of formatting functions that
take ``std::locale`` as a parameter. The locale type is a template parameter to
avoid the expensive ``<locale>`` include.
.. doxygenfunction:: format(const Locale& loc, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) -> std::string
.. doxygenfunction:: format_to(OutputIt out, const Locale& loc, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) -> OutputIt
.. doxygenfunction:: formatted_size(const Locale& loc, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) -> size_t
.. _legacy-checks:
Legacy Compile-Time Format String Checks
----------------------------------------
``FMT_STRING`` enables compile-time checks on older compilers. It requires C++14
or later and is a no-op in C++11.
.. doxygendefine:: FMT_STRING
To force the use of legacy compile-time checks, define the preprocessor variable
``FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING``. When set, functions accepting ``FMT_STRING``
will fail to compile with regular strings.
.. _ranges-api:
Range and Tuple Formatting
==========================
The library also supports convenient formatting of ranges and tuples::
#include <fmt/ranges.h>
std::tuple<char, int, float> t{'a', 1, 2.0f};
// Prints "('a', 1, 2.0)"
fmt::print("{}", t);
NOTE: currently, the overload of ``fmt::join`` for iterables exists in the main
``format.h`` header, but expect this to change in the future.
Using ``fmt::join``, you can separate tuple elements with a custom separator::
#include <fmt/ranges.h>
std::tuple<int, char> t = {1, 'a'};
// Prints "1, a"
fmt::print("{}", fmt::join(t, ", "));
.. _chrono-api:
Date and Time Formatting
========================
``fmt/chrono.h`` provides formatters for
* `std::chrono::duration <https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/duration>`_
* `std::chrono::time_point
<https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/time_point>`_
* `std::tm <https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/c/tm>`_
The format syntax is described in :ref:`chrono-specs`.
**Example**::
#include <fmt/chrono.h>
int main() {
std::time_t t = std::time(nullptr);
// Prints "The date is 2020-11-07." (with the current date):
fmt::print("The date is {:%Y-%m-%d}.", fmt::localtime(t));
using namespace std::literals::chrono_literals;
// Prints "Default format: 42s 100ms":
fmt::print("Default format: {} {}\n", 42s, 100ms);
// Prints "strftime-like format: 03:15:30":
fmt::print("strftime-like format: {:%H:%M:%S}\n", 3h + 15min + 30s);
}
.. doxygenfunction:: localtime(std::time_t time)
.. doxygenfunction:: gmtime(std::time_t time)
.. _std-api:
Standard Library Types Formatting
=================================
``fmt/std.h`` provides formatters for:
* `std::filesystem::path <https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/filesystem/path>`_
* `std::thread::id <https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/thread/id>`_
* `std::monostate <https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/variant/monostate>`_
* `std::variant <https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/variant/variant>`_
* `std::optional <https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/optional>`_
Formatting Variants
-------------------
A ``std::variant`` is only formattable if every variant alternative is formattable, and requires the
``__cpp_lib_variant`` `library feature <https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/feature_test>`_.
**Example**::
#include <fmt/std.h>
std::variant<char, float> v0{'x'};
// Prints "variant('x')"
fmt::print("{}", v0);
std::variant<std::monostate, char> v1;
// Prints "variant(monostate)"
.. _compile-api:
Format String Compilation
=========================
``fmt/compile.h`` provides format string compilation enabled via the
``FMT_COMPILE`` macro or the ``_cf`` user-defined literal. Format strings
marked with ``FMT_COMPILE`` or ``_cf`` are parsed, checked and converted into
efficient formatting code at compile-time. This supports arguments of built-in
and string types as well as user-defined types with ``constexpr`` ``parse``
functions in their ``formatter`` specializations. Format string compilation can
generate more binary code compared to the default API and is only recommended in
places where formatting is a performance bottleneck.
.. doxygendefine:: FMT_COMPILE
.. doxygenfunction:: operator""_cf()
.. _color-api:
Terminal Color and Text Style
=============================
``fmt/color.h`` provides support for terminal color and text style output.
.. doxygenfunction:: print(const text_style &ts, const S &format_str, const Args&... args)
.. doxygenfunction:: fg(detail::color_type)
.. doxygenfunction:: bg(detail::color_type)
.. doxygenfunction:: styled(const T& value, text_style ts)
.. _os-api:
System APIs
===========
.. doxygenclass:: fmt::ostream
:members:
.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::windows_error
:members:
.. _ostream-api:
``std::ostream`` Support
========================
``fmt/ostream.h`` provides ``std::ostream`` support including formatting of
user-defined types that have an overloaded insertion operator (``operator<<``).
In order to make a type formattable via ``std::ostream`` you should provide a
``formatter`` specialization inherited from ``ostream_formatter``::
#include <fmt/ostream.h>
struct date {
int year, month, day;
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const date& d) {
return os << d.year << '-' << d.month << '-' << d.day;
}
};
template <> struct fmt::formatter<date> : ostream_formatter {};
std::string s = fmt::format("The date is {}", date{2012, 12, 9});
// s == "The date is 2012-12-9"
.. doxygenfunction:: streamed(const T &)
.. doxygenfunction:: print(std::ostream &os, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
.. _printf-api:
``printf`` Formatting
=====================
The header ``fmt/printf.h`` provides ``printf``-like formatting functionality.
The following functions use `printf format string syntax
<https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fprintf.html>`_ with
the POSIX extension for positional arguments. Unlike their standard
counterparts, the ``fmt`` functions are type-safe and throw an exception if an
argument type doesn't match its format specification.
.. doxygenfunction:: printf(const S &format_str, const T&... args)
.. doxygenfunction:: fprintf(std::FILE *f, const S &fmt, const T&... args) -> int
.. doxygenfunction:: sprintf(const S&, const T&...)
.. _xchar-api:
``wchar_t`` Support
===================
The optional header ``fmt/xchar.h`` provides support for ``wchar_t`` and exotic
character types.
.. doxygenstruct:: fmt::is_char
.. doxygentypedef:: fmt::wstring_view
.. doxygentypedef:: fmt::wformat_context
.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::to_wstring(const T &value)
Compatibility with C++20 ``std::format``
========================================
{fmt} implements nearly all of the `C++20 formatting library
<https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/format>`_ with the following
differences:
* Names are defined in the ``fmt`` namespace instead of ``std`` to avoid
collisions with standard library implementations.
* Width calculation doesn't use grapheme clusterization. The latter has been
implemented in a separate branch but hasn't been integrated yet.
* Most C++20 chrono types are not supported yet.

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########
Contents
########
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 2
usage
api
syntax

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Overview
========
**{fmt}** is an open-source formatting library providing a fast and safe
alternative to C stdio and C++ iostreams.
.. raw:: html
<div class="panel panel-default">
<div class="panel-heading">What users say:</div>
<div class="panel-body">
Thanks for creating this library. It’s been a hole in C++ for
a long time. I’ve used both <code>boost::format</code> and
<code>loki::SPrintf</code>, and neither felt like the right answer.
This does.
</div>
</div>
.. _format-api-intro:
Format API
----------
The format API is similar in spirit to the C ``printf`` family of function but
is safer, simpler and several times `faster
<https://www.zverovich.net/2020/06/13/fast-int-to-string-revisited.html>`_
than common standard library implementations.
The `format string syntax <syntax.html>`_ is similar to the one used by
`str.format <https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format>`_ in
Python:
.. code:: c++
std::string s = fmt::format("The answer is {}.", 42);
The ``fmt::format`` function returns a string "The answer is 42.". You can use
``fmt::memory_buffer`` to avoid constructing ``std::string``:
.. code:: c++
auto out = fmt::memory_buffer();
fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out),
"For a moment, {} happened.", "nothing");
auto data = out.data(); // pointer to the formatted data
auto size = out.size(); // size of the formatted data
The ``fmt::print`` function performs formatting and writes the result to a stream:
.. code:: c++
fmt::print(stderr, "System error code = {}\n", errno);
If you omit the file argument the function will print to ``stdout``:
.. code:: c++
fmt::print("Don't {}\n", "panic");
The format API also supports positional arguments useful for localization:
.. code:: c++
fmt::print("I'd rather be {1} than {0}.", "right", "happy");
You can pass named arguments with ``fmt::arg``:
.. code:: c++
fmt::print("Hello, {name}! The answer is {number}. Goodbye, {name}.",
fmt::arg("name", "World"), fmt::arg("number", 42));
If your compiler supports C++11 user-defined literals, the suffix ``_a`` offers
an alternative, slightly terser syntax for named arguments:
.. code:: c++
using namespace fmt::literals;
fmt::print("Hello, {name}! The answer is {number}. Goodbye, {name}.",
"name"_a="World", "number"_a=42);
.. _safety:
Safety
------
The library is fully type safe, automatic memory management prevents buffer
overflow, errors in format strings are reported using exceptions or at compile
time. For example, the code
.. code:: c++
fmt::format("The answer is {:d}", "forty-two");
throws the ``format_error`` exception because the argument ``"forty-two"`` is a
string while the format code ``d`` only applies to integers.
The code
.. code:: c++
format(FMT_STRING("The answer is {:d}"), "forty-two");
reports a compile-time error on compilers that support relaxed ``constexpr``.
See `here <api.html#compile-time-format-string-checks>`_ for details.
The following code
.. code:: c++
fmt::format("Cyrillic letter {}", L'\x42e');
produces a compile-time error because wide character ``L'\x42e'`` cannot be
formatted into a narrow string. For comparison, writing a wide character to
``std::ostream`` results in its numeric value being written to the stream
(i.e. 1070 instead of letter 'ю' which is represented by ``L'\x42e'`` if we
use Unicode) which is rarely desirable.
Compact Binary Code
-------------------
The library produces compact per-call compiled code. For example
(`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/g/TZU4KF>`_),
.. code:: c++
#include <fmt/core.h>
int main() {
fmt::print("The answer is {}.", 42);
}
compiles to just
.. code:: asm
main: # @main
sub rsp, 24
mov qword ptr [rsp], 42
mov rcx, rsp
mov edi, offset .L.str
mov esi, 17
mov edx, 1
call fmt::v7::vprint(fmt::v7::basic_string_view<char>, fmt::v7::format_args)
xor eax, eax
add rsp, 24
ret
.L.str:
.asciz "The answer is {}."
.. _portability:
Portability
-----------
The library is highly portable and relies only on a small set of C++11 features:
* variadic templates
* type traits
* rvalue references
* decltype
* trailing return types
* deleted functions
* alias templates
These are available in GCC 4.8, Clang 3.4, MSVC 19.0 (2015) and more recent
compiler version. For older compilers use {fmt} `version 4.x
<https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases/tag/4.1.0>`_ which is maintained and
only requires C++98.
The output of all formatting functions is consistent across platforms.
For example,
.. code::
fmt::print("{}", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
always prints ``inf`` while the output of ``printf`` is platform-dependent.
.. _ease-of-use:
Ease of Use
-----------
{fmt} has a small self-contained code base with the core library consisting of
just three header files and no external dependencies.
A permissive MIT `license <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt#license>`_ allows
using the library both in open-source and commercial projects.
`Learn more... <contents.html>`_
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<a class="btn btn-success" href="https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt">GitHub Repository</a>
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.. _syntax:
********************
Format String Syntax
********************
Formatting functions such as :ref:`fmt::format() <format>` and
:ref:`fmt::print() <print>` use the same format string syntax described in this
section.
Format strings contain "replacement fields" surrounded by curly braces ``{}``.
Anything that is not contained in braces is considered literal text, which is
copied unchanged to the output. If you need to include a brace character in the
literal text, it can be escaped by doubling: ``{{`` and ``}}``.
The grammar for a replacement field is as follows:
.. productionlist:: sf
replacement_field: "{" [`arg_id`] [":" (`format_spec` | `chrono_format_spec`)] "}"
arg_id: `integer` | `identifier`
integer: `digit`+
digit: "0"..."9"
identifier: `id_start` `id_continue`*
id_start: "a"..."z" | "A"..."Z" | "_"
id_continue: `id_start` | `digit`
In less formal terms, the replacement field can start with an *arg_id*
that specifies the argument whose value is to be formatted and inserted into
the output instead of the replacement field.
The *arg_id* is optionally followed by a *format_spec*, which is preceded by a
colon ``':'``. These specify a non-default format for the replacement value.
See also the :ref:`formatspec` section.
If the numerical arg_ids in a format string are 0, 1, 2, ... in sequence,
they can all be omitted (not just some) and the numbers 0, 1, 2, ... will be
automatically inserted in that order.
Named arguments can be referred to by their names or indices.
Some simple format string examples::
"First, thou shalt count to {0}" // References the first argument
"Bring me a {}" // Implicitly references the first argument
"From {} to {}" // Same as "From {0} to {1}"
The *format_spec* field contains a specification of how the value should be
presented, including such details as field width, alignment, padding, decimal
precision and so on. Each value type can define its own "formatting
mini-language" or interpretation of the *format_spec*.
Most built-in types support a common formatting mini-language, which is
described in the next section.
A *format_spec* field can also include nested replacement fields in certain
positions within it. These nested replacement fields can contain only an
argument id; format specifications are not allowed. This allows the formatting
of a value to be dynamically specified.
See the :ref:`formatexamples` section for some examples.
.. _formatspec:
Format Specification Mini-Language
==================================
"Format specifications" are used within replacement fields contained within a
format string to define how individual values are presented (see
:ref:`syntax`). Each formattable type may define how the format
specification is to be interpreted.
Most built-in types implement the following options for format specifications,
although some of the formatting options are only supported by the numeric types.
The general form of a *standard format specifier* is:
.. productionlist:: sf
format_spec: [[`fill`]`align`][`sign`]["#"]["0"][`width`]["." `precision`]["L"][`type`]
fill: <a character other than '{' or '}'>
align: "<" | ">" | "^"
sign: "+" | "-" | " "
width: `integer` | "{" [`arg_id`] "}"
precision: `integer` | "{" [`arg_id`] "}"
type: "a" | "A" | "b" | "B" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "E" | "f" | "F" | "g" | "G" |
: "o" | "p" | "s" | "x" | "X"
The *fill* character can be any Unicode code point other than ``'{'`` or
``'}'``. The presence of a fill character is signaled by the character following
it, which must be one of the alignment options. If the second character of
*format_spec* is not a valid alignment option, then it is assumed that both the
fill character and the alignment option are absent.
The meaning of the various alignment options is as follows:
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| Option | Meaning |
+=========+==========================================================+
| ``'<'`` | Forces the field to be left-aligned within the available |
| | space (this is the default for most objects). |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'>'`` | Forces the field to be right-aligned within the |
| | available space (this is the default for numbers). |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'^'`` | Forces the field to be centered within the available |
| | space. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
Note that unless a minimum field width is defined, the field width will always
be the same size as the data to fill it, so that the alignment option has no
meaning in this case.
The *sign* option is only valid for floating point and signed integer types,
and can be one of the following:
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| Option | Meaning |
+=========+============================================================+
| ``'+'`` | indicates that a sign should be used for both |
| | nonnegative as well as negative numbers. |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'-'`` | indicates that a sign should be used only for negative |
| | numbers (this is the default behavior). |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| space | indicates that a leading space should be used on |
| | nonnegative numbers, and a minus sign on negative numbers. |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
The ``'#'`` option causes the "alternate form" to be used for the
conversion. The alternate form is defined differently for different
types. This option is only valid for integer and floating-point types.
For integers, when binary, octal, or hexadecimal output is used, this
option adds the prefix respective ``"0b"`` (``"0B"``), ``"0"``, or
``"0x"`` (``"0X"``) to the output value. Whether the prefix is
lower-case or upper-case is determined by the case of the type
specifier, for example, the prefix ``"0x"`` is used for the type ``'x'``
and ``"0X"`` is used for ``'X'``. For floating-point numbers the
alternate form causes the result of the conversion to always contain a
decimal-point character, even if no digits follow it. Normally, a
decimal-point character appears in the result of these conversions
only if a digit follows it. In addition, for ``'g'`` and ``'G'``
conversions, trailing zeros are not removed from the result.
.. ifconfig:: False
The ``','`` option signals the use of a comma for a thousands separator.
For a locale aware separator, use the ``'L'`` integer presentation type
instead.
*width* is a decimal integer defining the minimum field width. If not
specified, then the field width will be determined by the content.
Preceding the *width* field by a zero (``'0'``) character enables sign-aware
zero-padding for numeric types. It forces the padding to be placed after the
sign or base (if any) but before the digits. This is used for printing fields in
the form '+000000120'. This option is only valid for numeric types and it has no
effect on formatting of infinity and NaN.
The *precision* is a decimal number indicating how many digits should be
displayed after the decimal point for a floating-point value formatted with
``'f'`` and ``'F'``, or before and after the decimal point for a floating-point
value formatted with ``'g'`` or ``'G'``. For non-number types the field
indicates the maximum field size - in other words, how many characters will be
used from the field content. The *precision* is not allowed for integer,
character, Boolean, and pointer values. Note that a C string must be
null-terminated even if precision is specified.
The ``'L'`` option uses the current locale setting to insert the appropriate
number separator characters. This option is only valid for numeric types.
Finally, the *type* determines how the data should be presented.
The available string presentation types are:
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| Type | Meaning |
+=========+==========================================================+
| ``'s'`` | String format. This is the default type for strings and |
| | may be omitted. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| none | The same as ``'s'``. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
The available character presentation types are:
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| Type | Meaning |
+=========+==========================================================+
| ``'c'`` | Character format. This is the default type for |
| | characters and may be omitted. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| none | The same as ``'c'``. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
The available integer presentation types are:
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| Type | Meaning |
+=========+==========================================================+
| ``'b'`` | Binary format. Outputs the number in base 2. Using the |
| | ``'#'`` option with this type adds the prefix ``"0b"`` |
| | to the output value. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'B'`` | Binary format. Outputs the number in base 2. Using the |
| | ``'#'`` option with this type adds the prefix ``"0B"`` |
| | to the output value. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'c'`` | Character format. Outputs the number as a character. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'d'`` | Decimal integer. Outputs the number in base 10. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'o'`` | Octal format. Outputs the number in base 8. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'x'`` | Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using |
| | lower-case letters for the digits above 9. Using the |
| | ``'#'`` option with this type adds the prefix ``"0x"`` |
| | to the output value. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'X'`` | Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using |
| | upper-case letters for the digits above 9. Using the |
| | ``'#'`` option with this type adds the prefix ``"0X"`` |
| | to the output value. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| none | The same as ``'d'``. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
Integer presentation types can also be used with character and Boolean values.
Boolean values are formatted using textual representation, either ``true`` or
``false``, if the presentation type is not specified.
The available presentation types for floating-point values are:
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| Type | Meaning |
+=========+==========================================================+
| ``'a'`` | Hexadecimal floating point format. Prints the number in |
| | base 16 with prefix ``"0x"`` and lower-case letters for |
| | digits above 9. Uses ``'p'`` to indicate the exponent. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'A'`` | Same as ``'a'`` except it uses upper-case letters for |
| | the prefix, digits above 9 and to indicate the exponent. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'e'`` | Exponent notation. Prints the number in scientific |
| | notation using the letter 'e' to indicate the exponent. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'E'`` | Exponent notation. Same as ``'e'`` except it uses an |
| | upper-case ``'E'`` as the separator character. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'f'`` | Fixed point. Displays the number as a fixed-point |
| | number. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'F'`` | Fixed point. Same as ``'f'``, but converts ``nan`` to |
| | ``NAN`` and ``inf`` to ``INF``. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'g'`` | General format. For a given precision ``p >= 1``, |
| | this rounds the number to ``p`` significant digits and |
| | then formats the result in either fixed-point format |
| | or in scientific notation, depending on its magnitude. |
| | |
| | A precision of ``0`` is treated as equivalent to a |
| | precision of ``1``. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'G'`` | General format. Same as ``'g'`` except switches to |
| | ``'E'`` if the number gets too large. The |
| | representations of infinity and NaN are uppercased, too. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| none | Similar to ``'g'``, except that the default precision is |
| | as high as needed to represent the particular value. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
.. ifconfig:: False
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | The precise rules are as follows: suppose that the |
| | result formatted with presentation type ``'e'`` and |
| | precision ``p-1`` would have exponent ``exp``. Then |
| | if ``-4 <= exp < p``, the number is formatted |
| | with presentation type ``'f'`` and precision |
| | ``p-1-exp``. Otherwise, the number is formatted |
| | with presentation type ``'e'`` and precision ``p-1``. |
| | In both cases insignificant trailing zeros are removed |
| | from the significand, and the decimal point is also |
| | removed if there are no remaining digits following it. |
| | |
| | Positive and negative infinity, positive and negative |
| | zero, and nans, are formatted as ``inf``, ``-inf``, |
| | ``0``, ``-0`` and ``nan`` respectively, regardless of |
| | the precision. |
| | |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
The available presentation types for pointers are:
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| Type | Meaning |
+=========+==========================================================+
| ``'p'`` | Pointer format. This is the default type for |
| | pointers and may be omitted. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| none | The same as ``'p'``. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
.. _chrono-specs:
Chrono Format Specifications
============================
Format specifications for chrono duration and time point types as well as
``std::tm`` have the following syntax:
.. productionlist:: sf
chrono_format_spec: [[`fill`]`align`][`width`]["." `precision`][`chrono_specs`]
chrono_specs: [`chrono_specs`] `conversion_spec` | `chrono_specs` `literal_char`
conversion_spec: "%" [`modifier`] `chrono_type`
literal_char: <a character other than '{', '}' or '%'>
modifier: "E" | "O"
chrono_type: "a" | "A" | "b" | "B" | "c" | "C" | "d" | "D" | "e" | "F" |
: "g" | "G" | "h" | "H" | "I" | "j" | "m" | "M" | "n" | "p" |
: "q" | "Q" | "r" | "R" | "S" | "t" | "T" | "u" | "U" | "V" |
: "w" | "W" | "x" | "X" | "y" | "Y" | "z" | "Z" | "%"
Literal chars are copied unchanged to the output. Precision is valid only for
``std::chrono::duration`` types with a floating-point representation type.
The available presentation types (*chrono_type*) are:
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Type | Meaning |
+=========+====================================================================+
| ``'a'`` | The abbreviated weekday name, e.g. "Sat". If the value does not |
| | contain a valid weekday, an exception of type ``format_error`` is |
| | thrown. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'A'`` | The full weekday name, e.g. "Saturday". If the value does not |
| | contain a valid weekday, an exception of type ``format_error`` is |
| | thrown. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'b'`` | The abbreviated month name, e.g. "Nov". If the value does not |
| | contain a valid month, an exception of type ``format_error`` is |
| | thrown. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'B'`` | The full month name, e.g. "November". If the value does not |
| | contain a valid month, an exception of type ``format_error`` is |
| | thrown. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'c'`` | The date and time representation, e.g. "Sat Nov 12 22:04:00 1955". |
| | The modified command ``%Ec`` produces the locale's alternate date |
| | and time representation. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'C'`` | The year divided by 100 using floored division, e.g. "55". If the |
| | result is a single decimal digit, it is prefixed with 0. |
| | The modified command ``%EC`` produces the locale's alternative |
| | representation of the century. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'d'`` | The day of month as a decimal number. If the result is a single |
| | decimal digit, it is prefixed with 0. The modified command ``%Od`` |
| | produces the locale's alternative representation. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'D'`` | Equivalent to ``%m/%d/%y``, e.g. "11/12/55". |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'e'`` | The day of month as a decimal number. If the result is a single |
| | decimal digit, it is prefixed with a space. The modified command |
| | ``%Oe`` produces the locale's alternative representation. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'F'`` | Equivalent to ``%Y-%m-%d``, e.g. "1955-11-12". |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'g'`` | The last two decimal digits of the ISO week-based year. If the |
| | result is a single digit it is prefixed by 0. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'G'`` | The ISO week-based year as a decimal number. If the result is less |
| | than four digits it is left-padded with 0 to four digits. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'h'`` | Equivalent to ``%b``, e.g. "Nov". |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'H'`` | The hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number. If the result is a |
| | single digit, it is prefixed with 0. The modified command ``%OH`` |
| | produces the locale's alternative representation. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'I'`` | The hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number. If the result is a |
| | single digit, it is prefixed with 0. The modified command ``%OI`` |
| | produces the locale's alternative representation. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'j'`` | If the type being formatted is a specialization of duration, the |
| | decimal number of days without padding. Otherwise, the day of the |
| | year as a decimal number. Jan 1 is 001. If the result is less than |
| | three digits, it is left-padded with 0 to three digits. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'m'`` | The month as a decimal number. Jan is 01. If the result is a |
| | single digit, it is prefixed with 0. The modified command ``%Om`` |
| | produces the locale's alternative representation. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'M'`` | The minute as a decimal number. If the result is a single digit, |
| | it is prefixed with 0. The modified command ``%OM`` produces the |
| | locale's alternative representation. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'n'`` | A new-line character. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'p'`` | The AM/PM designations associated with a 12-hour clock. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'q'`` | The duration's unit suffix. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'Q'`` | The duration's numeric value (as if extracted via ``.count()``). |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'r'`` | The 12-hour clock time, e.g. "10:04:00 PM". |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'R'`` | Equivalent to ``%H:%M``, e.g. "22:04". |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'S'`` | Seconds as a decimal number. If the number of seconds is less than |
| | 10, the result is prefixed with 0. If the precision of the input |
| | cannot be exactly represented with seconds, then the format is a |
| | decimal floating-point number with a fixed format and a precision |
| | matching that of the precision of the input (or to a microseconds |
| | precision if the conversion to floating-point decimal seconds |
| | cannot be made within 18 fractional digits). The character for the |
| | decimal point is localized according to the locale. The modified |
| | command ``%OS`` produces the locale's alternative representation. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'t'`` | A horizontal-tab character. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'T'`` | Equivalent to ``%H:%M:%S``. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'u'`` | The ISO weekday as a decimal number (1-7), where Monday is 1. The |
| | modified command ``%Ou`` produces the locale's alternative |
| | representation. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'U'`` | The week number of the year as a decimal number. The first Sunday |
| | of the year is the first day of week 01. Days of the same year |
| | prior to that are in week 00. If the result is a single digit, it |
| | is prefixed with 0. The modified command ``%OU`` produces the |
| | locale's alternative representation. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'V'`` | The ISO week-based week number as a decimal number. If the result |
| | is a single digit, it is prefixed with 0. The modified command |
| | ``%OV`` produces the locale's alternative representation. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'w'`` | The weekday as a decimal number (0-6), where Sunday is 0. |
| | The modified command ``%Ow`` produces the locale's alternative |
| | representation. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'W'`` | The week number of the year as a decimal number. The first Monday |
| | of the year is the first day of week 01. Days of the same year |
| | prior to that are in week 00. If the result is a single digit, it |
| | is prefixed with 0. The modified command ``%OW`` produces the |
| | locale's alternative representation. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'x'`` | The date representation, e.g. "11/12/55". The modified command |
| | ``%Ex`` produces the locale's alternate date representation. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'X'`` | The time representation, e.g. "10:04:00". The modified command |
| | ``%EX`` produces the locale's alternate time representation. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'y'`` | The last two decimal digits of the year. If the result is a single |
| | digit it is prefixed by 0. The modified command ``%Oy`` produces |
| | the locale's alternative representation. The modified command |
| | ``%Ey`` produces the locale's alternative representation of offset |
| | from ``%EC`` (year only). |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'Y'`` | The year as a decimal number. If the result is less than four |
| | digits it is left-padded with 0 to four digits. The modified |
| | command ``%EY`` produces the locale's alternative full year |
| | representation. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'z'`` | The offset from UTC in the ISO 8601:2004 format. For example -0430 |
| | refers to 4 hours 30 minutes behind UTC. If the offset is zero, |
| | +0000 is used. The modified commands ``%Ez`` and ``%Oz`` insert a |
| | ``:`` between the hours and minutes: -04:30. If the offset |
| | information is not available, an exception of type |
| | ``format_error`` is thrown. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'Z'`` | The time zone abbreviation. If the time zone abbreviation is not |
| | available, an exception of type ``format_error`` is thrown. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'%'`` | A % character. |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
Specifiers that have a calendaric component such as ``'d'`` (the day of month)
are valid only for ``std::tm`` and time points but not durations.
.. range-specs:
Range Format Specifications
===========================
Format specifications for range types have the following syntax:
.. productionlist:: sf
range_format_spec: [":" [`underlying_spec`]]
The `underlying_spec` is parsed based on the formatter of the range's
reference type.
By default, a range of characters or strings is printed escaped and quoted. But
if any `underlying_spec` is provided (even if it is empty), then the characters
or strings are printed according to the provided specification.
Examples::
fmt::format("{}", std::vector{10, 20, 30});
// Result: [10, 20, 30]
fmt::format("{::#x}", std::vector{10, 20, 30});
// Result: [0xa, 0x14, 0x1e]
fmt::format("{}", vector{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'});
// Result: ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
fmt::format("{::}", vector{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'});
// Result: [h, e, l, l, o]
fmt::format("{::d}", vector{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'});
// Result: [104, 101, 108, 108, 111]
.. _formatexamples:
Format Examples
===============
This section contains examples of the format syntax and comparison with
the printf formatting.
In most of the cases the syntax is similar to the printf formatting, with the
addition of the ``{}`` and with ``:`` used instead of ``%``.
For example, ``"%03.2f"`` can be translated to ``"{:03.2f}"``.
The new format syntax also supports new and different options, shown in the
following examples.
Accessing arguments by position::
fmt::format("{0}, {1}, {2}", 'a', 'b', 'c');
// Result: "a, b, c"
fmt::format("{}, {}, {}", 'a', 'b', 'c');
// Result: "a, b, c"
fmt::format("{2}, {1}, {0}", 'a', 'b', 'c');
// Result: "c, b, a"
fmt::format("{0}{1}{0}", "abra", "cad"); // arguments' indices can be repeated
// Result: "abracadabra"
Aligning the text and specifying a width::
fmt::format("{:<30}", "left aligned");
// Result: "left aligned "
fmt::format("{:>30}", "right aligned");
// Result: " right aligned"
fmt::format("{:^30}", "centered");
// Result: " centered "
fmt::format("{:*^30}", "centered"); // use '*' as a fill char
// Result: "***********centered***********"
Dynamic width::
fmt::format("{:<{}}", "left aligned", 30);
// Result: "left aligned "
Dynamic precision::
fmt::format("{:.{}f}", 3.14, 1);
// Result: "3.1"
Replacing ``%+f``, ``%-f``, and ``% f`` and specifying a sign::
fmt::format("{:+f}; {:+f}", 3.14, -3.14); // show it always
// Result: "+3.140000; -3.140000"
fmt::format("{: f}; {: f}", 3.14, -3.14); // show a space for positive numbers
// Result: " 3.140000; -3.140000"
fmt::format("{:-f}; {:-f}", 3.14, -3.14); // show only the minus -- same as '{:f}; {:f}'
// Result: "3.140000; -3.140000"
Replacing ``%x`` and ``%o`` and converting the value to different bases::
fmt::format("int: {0:d}; hex: {0:x}; oct: {0:o}; bin: {0:b}", 42);
// Result: "int: 42; hex: 2a; oct: 52; bin: 101010"
// with 0x or 0 or 0b as prefix:
fmt::format("int: {0:d}; hex: {0:#x}; oct: {0:#o}; bin: {0:#b}", 42);
// Result: "int: 42; hex: 0x2a; oct: 052; bin: 0b101010"
Padded hex byte with prefix and always prints both hex characters::
fmt::format("{:#04x}", 0);
// Result: "0x00"
Box drawing using Unicode fill::
fmt::print(
"┌{0:─^{2}}┐\n"
"│{1: ^{2}}│\n"
"└{0:─^{2}}┘\n", "", "Hello, world!", 20);
prints::
┌────────────────────┐
│ Hello, world! │
└────────────────────┘
Using type-specific formatting::
#include <fmt/chrono.h>
auto t = tm();
t.tm_year = 2010 - 1900;
t.tm_mon = 7;
t.tm_mday = 4;
t.tm_hour = 12;
t.tm_min = 15;
t.tm_sec = 58;
fmt::print("{:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S}", t);
// Prints: 2010-08-04 12:15:58
Using the comma as a thousands separator::
#include <fmt/format.h>
auto s = fmt::format(std::locale("en_US.UTF-8"), "{:L}", 1234567890);
// s == "1,234,567,890"
.. ifconfig:: False
Nesting arguments and more complex examples::
>>> for align, text in zip('<^>', ['left', 'center', 'right']):
... '{0:{fill}{align}16}") << text, fill=align, align=align)
...
'left<<<<<<<<<<<<'
'^^^^^center^^^^^'
'>>>>>>>>>>>right'
>>>
>>> octets = [192, 168, 0, 1]
Format("{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}") << *octets)
'C0A80001'
>>> int(_, 16)
3232235521
>>>
>>> width = 5
>>> for num in range(5,12):
... for base in 'dXob':
... print('{0:{width}{base}}") << num, base=base, width=width), end=' ')
... print()
...
5 5 5 101
6 6 6 110
7 7 7 111
8 8 10 1000
9 9 11 1001
10 A 12 1010
11 B 13 1011

212
vendor/Fmt/doc/html/_sources/usage.rst.txt vendored Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
*****
Usage
*****
To use the {fmt} library, add :file:`fmt/core.h`, :file:`fmt/format.h`,
:file:`fmt/format-inl.h`, :file:`src/format.cc` and optionally other headers
from a `release archive <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases/latest>`_ or
the `Git repository <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt>`_ to your project.
Alternatively, you can :ref:`build the library with CMake <building>`.
.. _building:
Building the Library
====================
The included `CMake build script`__ can be used to build the fmt
library on a wide range of platforms. CMake is freely available for
download from https://www.cmake.org/download/.
__ https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/CMakeLists.txt
CMake works by generating native makefiles or project files that can
be used in the compiler environment of your choice. The typical
workflow starts with::
mkdir build # Create a directory to hold the build output.
cd build
cmake .. # Generate native build scripts.
where :file:`{<path/to/fmt>}` is a path to the ``fmt`` repository.
If you are on a \*nix system, you should now see a Makefile in the
current directory. Now you can build the library by running :command:`make`.
Once the library has been built you can invoke :command:`make test` to run
the tests.
You can control generation of the make ``test`` target with the ``FMT_TEST``
CMake option. This can be useful if you include fmt as a subdirectory in
your project but don't want to add fmt's tests to your ``test`` target.
If you use Windows and have Visual Studio installed, a :file:`FMT.sln`
file and several :file:`.vcproj` files will be created. You can then build them
using Visual Studio or msbuild.
On Mac OS X with Xcode installed, an :file:`.xcodeproj` file will be generated.
To build a `shared library`__ set the ``BUILD_SHARED_LIBS`` CMake variable to
``TRUE``::
cmake -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=TRUE ...
__ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_%28computing%29#Shared_libraries
To build a `static library` with position independent code (required if the main
consumer of the fmt library is a shared library i.e. a Python extension) set the
``CMAKE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE`` CMake variable to ``TRUE``::
cmake -DCMAKE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE=TRUE ...
Installing the Library
======================
After building the library you can install it on a Unix-like system by running
:command:`sudo make install`.
Usage with CMake
================
You can add the ``fmt`` library directory into your project and include it in
your ``CMakeLists.txt`` file::
add_subdirectory(fmt)
or
::
add_subdirectory(fmt EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
to exclude it from ``make``, ``make all``, or ``cmake --build .``.
You can detect and use an installed version of {fmt} as follows::
find_package(fmt)
target_link_libraries(<your-target> fmt::fmt)
Setting up your target to use a header-only version of ``fmt`` is equally easy::
target_link_libraries(<your-target> PRIVATE fmt::fmt-header-only)
Usage with build2
=================
You can use `build2 <https://build2.org>`_, a dependency manager and a
build-system combined, to use ``fmt``.
Currently this package is available in these package repositories:
- **https://cppget.org/fmt/** for released and published versions.
- `The git repository with the sources of the build2 package of fmt <https://github.com/build2-packaging/fmt.git>`_
for unreleased or custom revisions of ``fmt``.
**Usage:**
- ``build2`` package name: ``fmt``
- Library target name : ``lib{fmt}``
For example, to make your ``build2`` project depend on ``fmt``:
- Add one of the repositories to your configurations, or in your
``repositories.manifest``, if not already there::
:
role: prerequisite
location: https://pkg.cppget.org/1/stable
- Add this package as a dependency to your ``./manifest`` file
(example for ``v7.0.x``)::
depends: fmt ~7.0.0
- Import the target and use it as a prerequisite to your own target
using `fmt` in the appropriate ``buildfile``::
import fmt = fmt%lib{fmt}
lib{mylib} : cxx{**} ... $fmt
Then build your project as usual with `b` or `bdep update`.
For ``build2`` newcomers or to get more details and use cases, you can read the
``build2``
`toolchain introduction <https://build2.org/build2-toolchain/doc/build2-toolchain-intro.xhtml>`_.
Building the Documentation
==========================
To build the documentation you need the following software installed on your
system:
* `Python <https://www.python.org/>`_ with pip and virtualenv
* `Doxygen <http://www.stack.nl/~dimitri/doxygen/>`_
* `Less <http://lesscss.org/>`_ with ``less-plugin-clean-css``.
Ubuntu doesn't package the ``clean-css`` plugin so you should use ``npm``
instead of ``apt`` to install both ``less`` and the plugin::
sudo npm install -g less less-plugin-clean-css.
First generate makefiles or project files using CMake as described in
the previous section. Then compile the ``doc`` target/project, for example::
make doc
This will generate the HTML documentation in ``doc/html``.
Conda
=====
fmt can be installed on Linux, macOS and Windows with
`Conda <https://docs.conda.io/en/latest/>`__, using its
`conda-forge <https://conda-forge.org>`__
`package <https://github.com/conda-forge/fmt-feedstock>`__, as follows::
conda install -c conda-forge fmt
Vcpkg
=====
You can download and install fmt using the `vcpkg
<https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg>`__ dependency manager::
git clone https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg.git
cd vcpkg
./bootstrap-vcpkg.sh
./vcpkg integrate install
./vcpkg install fmt
The fmt port in vcpkg is kept up to date by Microsoft team members and community
contributors. If the version is out of date, please `create an issue or pull
request <https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg>`__ on the vcpkg repository.
LHelper
=======
You can download and install fmt using
`lhelper <https://github.com/franko/lhelper>`__ dependency manager::
lhelper activate <some-environment>
lhelper install fmt
All the recipes for lhelper are kept in the
`lhelper's recipe <https://github.com/franko/lhelper-recipes>`__ repository.
Android NDK
===========
fmt provides `Android.mk file`__ that can be used to build the library
with `Android NDK <https://developer.android.com/tools/sdk/ndk/index.html>`_.
For an example of using fmt with Android NDK, see the
`android-ndk-example <https://github.com/fmtlib/android-ndk-example>`_
repository.
__ https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/support/Android.mk
Homebrew
========
fmt can be installed on OS X using `Homebrew <https://brew.sh/>`_::
brew install fmt